The prime objective of this book is to introduce its readers to the subject of cyber laws, elucidate key operative principles and to discuss the key developments in the field of Cyberlaws across many important jurisdictions— India, United States and European nations. The book not only explains the fundamental concepts in cyberspace laws but also aims to present a fair overview of the evolution of cyberlaws across many jurisdictions. The book discusses pertinent e-contracting and e-commerce issues, and describes popular e-payment systems and taxation regimes which are indispensable to e-commerce businesses. It elucidates the key principles for determining jurisdiction in cyber law disputes, significance of electronic signatures and admissibility of e-evidence, which are subjects of interest to readers world over. This book also presents an insight into other interesting cyberspace issues such as online privacy, defamation, freedom of speech on internet, intellectual property piracy on internet, and cybercrime issues with case studies and landmark precedents from different parts of the world. It provides practical tips on safeguarding one’s security and privacy in the online world and will enlighten readers on their legal rights and obligations in cyberspace and legal implications of their actions on theInternet.

The book contains comparative assessment of cyber laws across different jurisdictions and critically comments on positive and negative traits of existing statutory framework, legal and policy framework and important judicial precedents in information technology law and regulation. Appendices of existing cyber laws, international conventions, treaties and guidelines framed by International Organisations pertaining to cyber law and intellectual property, important EU Directives and cyber legislations of India, US, UK and other foreign countries are also given for easy reference.

Preface ................................................................................................. vii
Foreword............................................................................................... xi
Contents ............................................................................................. xiii
Table of Cases ................................................................................... xxiii
CHAPTER 1
The Emerging E-information Society ............................................ 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
1.2 WHAT IS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY? ........................................... 2
1.3 SHORT HISTORY OF CYBER SPACE ................................................. 4
1.4 WORLD WIDE WEB ...................................................................... 7
1.5 LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF CYBER SPACE ............................................ 8
1.6 INITIATIVES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ............................11
1.7 REGULATING THE CYBERSPACE .....................................................13
1.8 TERMINOLOGY IN CYBERSPACE .....................................................16
CHAPTER 2
Jurisdiction in the Transnational Cyberworld ............................. 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................31
2.2 JURISDICTION: THE CONCEPT ......................................................32
2.3 CHOICE OF LAW IN A CONFLICT OF LAW SITUATION ...................42
2.4 EVOLUTION OF LAW IN USA: FROM MINIMUM CONTACTS
TEST TO ZIPPO SLIDING SCALE APPROACH ....................................43
2.5 IS MERE ACCESSIBILITY OF WEBSITE FROM A STATE BY
ITSELF SUFFICIENT TO ESTABLISH JURISDICTION OF A
FORUM STATE? ............................................................................57
2.6 THE SHIFT AWAY FROM ZIPPO .....................................................62
2.7 FORUM SELECTION CLAUSES IN CLICK WRAP AGREEMENTS ............67
2.8 SPECIFIC LEGAL ISSUES AND JURISDICTION .....................................69
2.9 EUROPEAN APPROACH TO PERSONAL JURISDICTION .........................71
2.10 INDIAN APPROACH TO PERSONAL JURISDICTION .............................72

CHAPTER 3
The Formation of E-contracts ..................................................... 75
3.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................75
3.2 AN OVERVIEW OF FORMATION OF OFFLINE CONTRACTS ..............76
3.3 FORMATION OF E-CONTRACTS .....................................................80
3.4 PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO FORMATION OF CONTRACTS–
OFFLINE VS ONLINE CONTRACTS ................................................86
3.5 THE INDIAN LAW ON E-CONTRACTING ........................................91
3.6 UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO E-CONTRACT
FORMATION ................................................................................96
3.7 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ON THE WEB IS CONSUMER
ORIENTED ............................................................................... 109
3.8 VALIDITY OF UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS IN B2C
CONTRACTS ............................................................................ 112
3.9 INDIA AND CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE E-WORLD .............. 114
3.10 REQUIREMENT OF CONTRACTS TO BE IN WRITING ................... 114
3.11 AUTHENTICATION BY ELECTRONIC MEANS IS EQUIVALENT
TO THE TRADITIONAL SIGNATURE ............................................. 115
3.12 DIGITAL SIGNATURE AND ENCRYPTION ...................................... 117
3.13 ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE—DIGITAL OR ONLINE
CONTRACTS ............................................................................ 119
3.14 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 120
CHAPTER 4
Electronic and Digital Signatures ...............................................121
4.1 SECURING E-COMMUNICATIONS ................................................. 121
4.2 IMPORTANCE OF SIGNATURES .................................................... 121
4.3 EXPECTATIONS OF IDENTIFICATION ............................................ 126
4.4 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES .......................................................... 127
4.5 CRYPTOGRAPHY ........................................................................ 129
4.6 PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE AND CERTIFICATION
AUTHORITIES ........................................................................... 136
4.7 TYPES OF CERTIFICATES ........................................................... 141
4.8 DIGITAL TIME-STAMPING SERVICES ............................................. 143
4.9 REPOSITORIES .......................................................................... 144
4.10 SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATES ......................... 144
4.11 LEGAL STATUS TO BECOME A CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY ........... 145
4.12 CRYPTOGRAPHY AND PRIVACY ISSUES ......................................... 146
4.13 LIABILITY AND RISK ALLOCATION .............................................. 148
4.14 THE LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE ..................................................... 150
4.15 LEGISLATIVE TRENDS VIS A VIS ADOPTION OF SECURITY
TECHNIQUES ........................................................................... 162
4.16 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 166
CHAPTER 5
Digital Evidence in the E-world ..................................................171
5.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 171
5.2 E-EVIDENCE ............................................................................ 171
5.3 CATEGORIES OF EVIDENCE ....................................................... 172
5.4 ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN DIFFERENT LEGAL SYSTEMS ....... 173
5.5 NATURE OF THRESHOLD REQUIREMENT—CERTIFICATION ........... 174
5.6 SPOOFING ................................................................................ 176
5.7 BURDEN OF PROOF ................................................................. 177
5.8 ADMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC RECORD ................................... 178
5.9 WHAT IS A DOCUMENT? ......................................................... 182
5.10 THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAW AND E-EVIDENCE ................... 183
5.11 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT 2000 ............................ 184
5.12 THE REQUIREMENT OF WRITING UNDER INDIAN LAW ............... 187
5.13 THE REQUIREMENT OF WRITING .............................................. 187
5.14 RULE AGAINST HEARSAY ........................................................... 188
5.15 PAPER VERSUS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS .................................. 196
5.16 PROOF OF E-DOCUMENT ......................................................... 196
5.17 PRIMARY OR SECONDARY EVIDENCE .......................................... 197
5.18 BEST EVIDENCE RULE .............................................................. 198
5.19 PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE DOCUMENTS ........................................ 199
5.20 EFFECT ................................................................................... 199
5.21 AUTHENTICITY AND THE ALTERATION OF COMPUTER
RECORDS—US-SCENARIO .................................................... 201
5.22 FORENSIC COMPUTING ............................................................. 203
5.23 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 204
CHAPTER 6
Electronic Commerce on the World Wide Web...........................205
6.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 205
6.2 BENEFITS TO CUSTOMERS ........................................................ 209
6.3 ADVANTAGES TO SOCIETY ......................................................... 210
6.4 E-COMMERCE INITIATIVES—USA.............................................. 210
6.5 E-COMMERCE INITIATIVES IN CANADA ....................................... 212
6.6 UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON E-COMMERCE .......................... 212
6.7 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF
E-COMMERCE .......................................................................... 214
6.8 VALIDITY OF UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS IN B2C CONTRACTS.... 219
6.9 ADVERTISING ONLINE AND LIMITATIONS TO DOING
ONLINE BUSINESS .................................................................... 221
6.10 CONSUMER PROTECTION AND ONLINE SALE OF GOODS
OR SERVICES ........................................................................... 223
6.11 PRIVACY AND DATA-PROTECTION .............................................. 226
6.12 EC GREEN PAPER ON THE REVIEW OF THE
CONSUMER ACQUIS .................................................................. 233
6.13 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EC CONSUMER LAWS .......................... 234
6.14 CONFLICT OF LAW RULES AND JURISDICTION ............................ 242
6.15 EXPRESS CHOICE OF LAW ......................................................... 244
6.16 JURISDICTION ........................................................................... 249
6.17 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 255
CHAPTER 7
Payment Systems and E-money .................................................257
7.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 257
7.2 ELETRONIC TOKEN SYSTEM ...................................................... 262
7.3 CREDIT CARDS ........................................................................ 264
7.4 LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARD HOLDER,
CARD ISSUER AND E-MERCHANT ............................................... 266
7.5 LEGAL REGIME AND CREDIT CARDS- INDIAN PERSPECTIVE .......... 267
7.6 CHARGE BACKS ........................................................................ 278
7.7 ELECTRONIC MONEY ............................................................... 279
7.8 E-PAYMENT CHALLENGES .......................................................... 282
7.9 E-MAIL PAYMENTS .................................................................... 284
7.10 EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENT E-PAYMENT SYSTEMS ....................... 286
7.11 PRIME TECHNOLOGIES IN E-PAYMENTS—SET SECURE
ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ..................................................... 293
7.12 APPLICABILITY OF CURRENT INDIAN REGULATIONS
TO E-CASH ............................................................................. 296
7.13 NET BANKING—AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE .................................. 299
7.14 INDIA—PAYMENT SYSTEMS—CURRENT STATUS .......................... 302
7.15 EFFECT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON TRADTIONAL
BANKER–CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP ........................................... 306
7.16 JURISDICTION ........................................................................... 307
7.17 NEED FOR REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....................................... 308
7.18 ONLINE E-PAYMENT FRAUDS ..................................................... 312
7.19 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 320
CHAPTER 8
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights in Cyberspace................321
8.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 321
8.2 NEED FOR REGULATION ........................................................... 323
8.3 THEORIES OF PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHT ..................................................................... 323
8.4 COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL AGE .......................... 325
8.5 PATENTS PROTECTION IN THE CYBERSPACE AND THE
COMPUTER SOFTWARE .............................................................. 354
8.6 TRADEMARK LAW IN CYBERSPACE .............................................. 372
CHAPTER 9
Privacy and Data Protection in the Cyberspace ..........................393
9.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 393
9.2 LAWS RELATING TO PRIVACY IN THE ONLINE
WORLD—POSITION IN USA.................................................... 396
9.3 LAWS ON PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN
EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................... 399
9.4 UK DATA PROTECTION ACT IN UK......................................... 402
9.5 SECURITY CONCERNS, TRADE SECRETS AND PRIVACY:
CURRENT TRENDS .................................................................... 403
9.6 EMPLOYEE PRIVACY RIGHTS ...................................................... 405
9.7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT 2000 AND
PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND DATA ........................................ 407
9.8 PRIVACY AND THE EVOLVING INTERNET LAW ............................ 409
9.9 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN CYBER SPACE ................................ 420
9.10 NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION—
THE YAHOO! FRANCE CASE ...................................................... 428
9.11 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION ....... 431
9.12 CONCLUSION ............................................................................ 435
CHAPTER 10
Cyber Contraventions and Cyber Crimes ..................................437
10.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 437
10.2 CRIME IN THE CYBER SPACE ..................................................... 437
10.3 TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES ......................................................... 440
10.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES ......................................... 441
10.5 CYBER CRIMES—THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ................................ 458
10.6 INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES TO COMBAT CYBER CRIMES ............ 477
10.7 NEED FOR A MULTIPRONGED APPROACH ................................... 481
CHAPTER 11
The Information Technology Act 2000: An Overview ...............485
11.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 485
11.2 OVERVIEW OF THE IT ACT 2000 ......................................... 486
11.3 CHAPTER I ............................................................................ 489
11.4 CHAPTER II: DIGITAL SIGNATURES ........................................... 493
11.5 CHAPTER III: ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE ................................ 494
11.6 CHAPTER IV: ATTRIBUTION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AND DISPATCH OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS .............................. 495
11.7 CHAPTER V: SECURE ELECTRONIC RECORDS AND
SECURE DIGITAL SIGNATURE .................................................... 497
11.8 CHAPTER VI: REGULATION OF CERTIFYING AUTHORITIES .......... 497
11.9 CHAPTER VII: DIGITAL SIGNATURE CERTIFICATES ...................... 500
11.10 CHAPTER VIII: DUTIES OF SUBSCRIBERS ................................. 501
11.11 CHAPTER IX: PENALTIES AND ADJUDICATION ........................... 502
11.12 CHAPTER X: THE CYBER REGULATIONS APPELLATE TRIBUNAL .... 503
11.13 CHAPTER XI: OFFENCES ........................................................ 505
11.14 CHAPTER XII: LIABILITY OF NETWORK SERVICE PROVIDERS ...... 514
11.15 CHAPTER XII: MISCELLANEOUS .............................................. 517
11.16 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (CERTIFYING AUTHORITIES)
RULES 2000......................................................................... 519
11.17 CYBER REGULATION APPELLATE TRIBUNAL (PROCEDURE)
RULES 2000......................................................................... 519
11.18 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (CERTIFYING AUTHORITY)
REGULATIONS 2001 .............................................................. 519
11.19 PITFALLS IN THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT 2000
AND NEED FOR AMENDMENTS .............................................. 521
11.20 CONCLUSION......................................................................... 543
CHAPTER 12
Taxation of E-commerce.............................................................545
12.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 545
12.2 DIFFERENT FORMS OF E-COMMERCE ......................................... 546
12.3 FORMS OF INTERNET TAXATION ............................................... 547
12.4 PRACTICAL APPROACH TO TAXING E-COMMERCE:
OECD INITIATIVE .............................................................. 549
12.5 TAXATION IN US—SUBSTANTIAL NEXUS AS A PARAMETER
OF TAXATION ...................................................................... 555
12.6 TAXATION IN INDIA ................................................................. 560
12.7 TRANSFER PRICING LAW AND E-COMMERCE ............................... 569
12.8 TAXATION OF DIGITAL GOODS ................................................. 569
12.9 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 575
Appendices
IMPORTANT CONVENTIONS
APPENDIX I
United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic
Communications in International Contracts ................................. 581
APPENDIX II
Convention on Cybercrime ................................................................ 681
APPENDIX III
Articles of the OECD Model Convention with Respect to
Taxes on Income and on Capital .................................................... 705
IMPORTANT EUROPEAN UNION DIRECTIVES ON INTERNET
AND E-COMMERCE LAWS
APPENDIX IV
List of Important European Union Directives—Cyberspace Law ...... 727
EUROPEAN UNION–INTERNET AND E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVES
APPENDIX V
Directive on Value Added Tax Arrangements Applicable to
Electronically Supplied Services ........................................................ 731
APPENDIX VI
Directive on Legal Protection of Computer Programs ...................... 739
APPENDIX VII
Directive on Personal Data and the Protection of E-Privacy ............. 747
APPENDIX VIII
Directive on Electronic Signatures .................................................... 759
APPENDIX IX
Directive on Electronic Commerce .................................................... 773
APPENDIX X
Directive on Privacy in Electronic Communications ......................... 797
APPENDIX XI
Directive on Distance Marketing of Consumer Financial
Services .......................................................................................... 817
APPENDIX XII
Directive on Unfair Commercial Practices ......................................... 833
INDIA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT 2000 AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (AMENDMENT) BILL 2008
APPENDIX XIII
Information Technolgy Act 2000 ...................................................... 857
APPENDIX XIV
The Information Technology (Amendment) Bill 2008
(as passed by Lok Sabha on 22.12.2008) ...................................... 897
OTHER IMPORTANT INITIATIVES BY INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
INTERNET CORPORATION FOR ASSIGNED NAMES AND
NUMBERS (ICANN)
APPENDIX XV
Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy by ICANN ....... 927
APPENDIX XVI
Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution
Policy by ICANN .......................................................................... 933
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
APPENDIX XVII
OECD Guidelines on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce ........... 947
APPENDIX XVIII
OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and
Trans-border Flows of Personal Data ............................................ 957
UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL
TRADE LAW (UNCITRAL)
APPENDIX XIX
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures with
Guide to Enactment 2001............................................................. 987
APPENDIX XX
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide
to Enactment 1996 With additional article 5 bis as
adopted in 1998 .......................................................................... 1053
RELATED LEGISLATION IN UNITED KINGDOM
APPENDIX XXI
Electronic Communications Act 2000-UK ...................................... 1113
APPENDIX XXII
UK Data Protection Act 1998 ......................................................... 1129
APPENDIX XXIII
Computer Misuse Act 1990—UK ................................................... 1181
RELATED LEGISLATION IN USA
APPENDIX XXIV
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act .......................... 1195
APPENDIX XXV
Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act ......... 1461
APPENDIX XXVI
Computer Fraud & Abuse Act ......................................................... 1475
APPENDIX XXVII
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 .......................... 1479
APPENDIX XXVIII
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (1999) ................................... 1489
Index ............................................................................................. 1537
 

Karnika Seth specialises in cyber law and intellectual property, and is Managing Partner of Seth Associates, an internationally networked full service Indian law firm. Ms Seth is also the Chairperson and Founder of Cyberlaws Consulting Centre at Seth Associates, the world’s first integrated cyberlaws research, forensics and legal consulting centre. Karnika Seth was recently conferred with the Law Day Award by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India and the Hon'ble Law Minister on 26th Nov 2009 for making substantial contribution to the field of Cyberlaws through her book on Cyberlaws titled 'Cyberlaws In the Information Technology Age'.

She has significant and diverse transactional experience encompassing internet and e-commerce laws, business laws, international trade and intellectual property laws and is principal legal advisor to many multinational groups, corporate houses, public and private sector companies, corporations and government entities. She has actively resolved many cybercrime cases in conjunction with the Cyber Crime Cell, Delhi, and Economic Offences Wing of the Delhi Police and other law enforcement agencies in India.

Karnika Seth graduated in Law from the Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi. She studied Cyberlaws at the Amity Law School, Delhi in the year 2000 and received her Masters degree in Law in Corporate and Commercial laws, Intellectual property, Internet laws, International Trade and Arbitration from the King’s College, University of London in the year 2002.

She is also an Associate Member of AEA International, the International Association of European lawyers and is an active Member of the International Bar Association, Bar Council of Delhi, India, the Supreme Court of India Bar Association, Delhi High Court Bar Association, the Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Indian Council of Arbitration. Ms Seth has authored articles and reviewed books on various legal issues on information technology and business laws for several reputed publications, such as Patent and Trademark Reporter, Halsbury’s Law Journal, Indian Council of Arbitration Journal, Cyber times newspaper, and online information portals such as tradeindia.com and stands appointed to the International Editorial Advisory Board of the International Journal of Cybercrimes and Criminal Justice.

She is an active Speaker on Cyberlaw issues in conferences organised by FICCI, ASSOCHAM, PHD Chambers and other leading institutions of the country and in various cyberlaw discussions held on television. She delivers special workshops on information technology law and practice to honorable Judges from the Judiciary, lawyers, senior government officers, IAS officers, police officers and IT professionals. She has been Visiting Faculty for cyberlaws at Amity Law School, the Indian Law Institute, National Institute of Financial Management and delivers guest lectures on cyberlaws in other reputed educational institutions of the country.

Written by prominent cyberlawyer , Karnika Seth and published by Butterworths Lexis Nexis Wadhwa, the book, titled Cyberlaws in the Information Technology Age, was launched at a Book Release ceremony by Hon'ble Justice Altamas Kabir on 7th October 2009 at the India Islamic Cultural Centre. The Book Release function was also graced by Hon'ble Justice Dalveer Bhandari, Hon'ble Judge ,Supreme Court of India, the Solicitor General of India, Mr. Gopal Subramaniam, Additional Solicitor General of India, Indira Jai Singh, and Gulshan Rai, Director General of the Computer Emergency Response team of the Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India. She was recently awarded the Law Day Award for authoring this book by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India and the Hon'ble Law Minister.

The Book is unprecedented in the domain of Information Technology Law. It provides practical tips on e-contracting and e-commerce issues, e-payment systems and taxation considerations for e-commerce businesses. It also explores online privacy and security, defamation, freedom of speech on the internet, intellectual property piracy and cybercrime.

Karnika Seth, Managing Partner at Seth Associates, law firm in India and the founder of the firm's Cyberlaws Consulting Centre, has diverse transactional experience encompassing cyberlaws and e-commerce. She has helped to resolve many cybercrime cases in conjunction with the cybercrime cell in Delhi and other law enforcement agencies in India. She has also delivered specialist workshops on IT law and practice to judges, lawyers, senior government officers, police officers and IT professionals.

The prime objective of this book is to introduce its readers to the subject of cyber laws, elucidate key operative principles and to discuss the key developments in the field of Cyberlaws across many important jurisdictions - India, United States and European nations. The book not only explains the fundamental concepts in cyberspace laws but also aims to present a fair overview of the evolution of cyberlaws across many jurisdictions. The book discusses pertinent e-contracting and e-commerce issues, and describes popular e-payment systems and taxation regimes which are indispensable to e-commerce businesses. It elucidates the key principles for determining jurisdiction in cyber law disputes, significance of electronic signatures and admissibility of e-evidence, which are subjects of interest to readers world over. This book also presents an insight into other interesting cyberspace issues such as online privacy, defamation, freedom of speech on internet, intellectual property piracy on internet, and cybercrime issues with case studies and landmark precedents from different parts of the world. It provides practical tips on safeguarding one's security and privacy in the online world and will enlighten readers on their legal rights and obligations in cyberspace and legal implications of their actions on theInternet.

The book contains comparative assessment of cyber laws across different jurisdictions and critically comments on positive and negative traits of existing statutory framework, legal and policy framework and important judicial precedents in information technology law and regulation. Appendices of existing cyber laws, international conventions, treaties and guidelines framed by International Organisations pertaining to cyber law and intellectual property, important EU Directives and cyber legislations of India, US, UK and other foreign countries are also given for easy reference.

Press release- http://www.cyberlawsconsultingcentre.com/book-sheds-new-light-on-cyberlaw.html